Signal and Data Processing

fa پیاده‌سازی ممیز ثابت فیلتر کالمن بر روی FPGA برای تخمین فاصله و سرعت اهداف متحرک Fixed-point FPGA Implementation of a Kalman Filter for Range and Velocity Estimation of Moving Targets مقالات پردازش داده‌های رقمی Paper كاربردي Applicable <div style="text-align: justify;">در سامانه‌های ردیابی هدف، از فیلتر ردیابی برای تخمین پیاپی و هموار موقعیت و سرعت هدف متحرک با کمینه خطا استفاده می‌شود. در این مقاله، روشی برای طراحی و پیاده‌سازی سخت‌افزاری فیلتر کالمن در چنین کاربردی ارائه ‌شده است. روش پیشنهادی شامل یک پیاده‌سازی ممیز ثابت فیلتر روی FPGA است که در آن سرعت اجرای الگوریتم از طریق موازی‌سازی عملیات غیر وابسته بهبود یافته است. پس از طراحی بر اساس مسأله داده‌شده، نسخه‌های ممیز شناور و ممیز ثابت فیلتر شبیه‌سازی و نسخه ممیز ثابت روی سختافزار پیاده‌سازی شده است. برای ارزیابی کارایی فیلتر، داده‌های فاصله‌-سرعت یک هدف متحرک با مدل مناسب تولید و پس از چندی‌سازی و درآمیختن با اغتشاش به فیلتر اعمال می‌شوند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که با انتخاب طول بیت مناسب، فیلتر پیاده‌سازی‌‌شده سریع و کارآمد بوده و با زمان اجرای حدود µs 4/0، موجب dB 11 کاهش در خطای تخمین فاصله شده و عملکردی نزدیک به نمونه ممیز شناور فراهم می‌آورد.   </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Tracking filters are extensively used within object tracking systems in order to provide consecutive smooth estimations of position and velocity of the object with minimum error. Namely, Kalman filter and its numerous variants are widely known as simple yet effective linear tracking filters in many diverse applications. In this paper, an effective method is proposed for designing and implementation of a Kalman filter in an object tracking application. The considered tracking application implies the capability to produce a smooth and reliable output stream by the tracking filter, even in presence of different disturbing types of noise, including background or spontaneous noises, as well as disturbances with continues or discrete nature. The presented method includes a fixed-point implementation of the Kalman filter on FPGA, which targets the joint estimation of position-velocity pair of an intended object in heavy presence of noise. The execution speed of the Kalman algorithm is drastically enhanced in the proposed implementation. This enhancement is attained by emphasis on hardware implementation of every single computational block on the one hand, and    through appropriate parallelization and pipelining of independent tasks within the Kalman process on the other hand. After designing the filter parameters with respect to the requirements of a given tracking problem, a floating-point model and a fixed-point hardware model of the filter are implemented using MATLAB and Xilinx System Generator, respectively.   In order to evaluate the performance of the filter under realistic circumstances, a set of appropriately defined scenarios are carried out. The simulations are carefully designed in order to represent the extremely harsh scenarios in which the input measurements to the filter are deeply polluted by different kinds of noises. In each simulation the position-velocity data corresponding to a moving object is generated according to an appropriate model, quantized, and contaminated by noise and fed into the filter. Performances of the Kalman filter in software version (i.e. the floating point replica) and hardware version (i.e. the fixed-point replica) are quantitatively compared in the designed scenario. Our comparison employs NMSE and maximum error values as quantitative measures, verifying the competency of our proposed fixed-point hardware implementation. The results of our work show that, with adequate selection word length, the implemented filter is fast and efficient; it confines the algorithm execution time to 50 clock pulses, i.e. about 0.4 µs when a 125 MHz clock is used. It is also verified that our implementation reduces the position and velocity estimation errors by 11 dB and 1.2 dB, respectively. The implemented filter also confines the absolute values of maximum error in position and velocity to 10 meter and 0.7 meter/sec. in the considered scenario, which is almost resembles the performance of its floating point counterpart. The presented Kalman filter is finally implemented on Zc706 evaluation board and the amount of utilized hardware resource (FFs, LUTs, DSP48, etc.) are reported as well as the estimated power consumption of the implemented design. The paper is concluded through comparison of the proposed design with some recent works which confirms the efficacy of the presented implementation.</div> فیلتر کالمن, پیاده‌سازی FPGA, ردیابی, تخمین فاصله, تخمین سرعت Kalman filter, FPGA implementation, Tracking, Distance estimation, Velocity estimation 100 89 http://jsdp.rcisp.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1334-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Shahabuddin Rahmanian شهاب الدین رحمانیان rahmanian@cc.iut.ac.ir 10031947532846008248 10031947532846008248 Yes Isfahan University of Technology پژوهشکده اویونیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان Mohammad Hossein Bateni محمد حسین باطنی mh.bateni@ec.iut.ac.ir 10031947532846008249 10031947532846008249 No پژوهشکده اویونیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان Mohammad Fardad محمد فرداد m.fardad@ec.iut.ac.ir 10031947532846008250 10031947532846008250 No پژوهشکده اویونیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان Majdeddin Najafi مجد‌الدین نجفی majd_najafi@cc.iut.ac.ir 10031947532846008251 10031947532846008251 No Isfahan University of Technology پژوهشکده اویونیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان